Summary Of On Being An Atheist - 1341 Words

For many years theists and atheists have argued with one another over the existence of a creator, or God. H.J. McCloskey published his thoughts on the matter in a journal article in 1968 titled â€Å"On Being an Atheist†. In his article McCloskey aims to discredit cosmological and teleological arguments for a creator and he uses the existence of evil in the world as evidence that a divine creator cannot exist. McCloskey routinely refers to the cosmological and teleological arguments as believers’ â€Å"proof† of God’s existence; however, this is not an accurate statement. (McCloskey, 1968) Foreman points out in his presentation; we cannot provide certain proof of many things and just because something cannot be proven does not mean that it is not a justified belief. Rather than seeking proof of God’s existence we should find the best explanation for things. Regularly the field of science and the legal system gather multiple points that support an argument to arrive at the best explanation. (Foreman, Approaching the Question of God s Existence, 2014) In his writing, McCloskey states that the general basis of the cosmological argument, â€Å"the existence of God from the existence of the cosmos†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Theists argue however that the contingency of all things in the universe support the cosmological argument; more simply stated there is no obvious answer as to why there is anything at all, therefore, something must have created it. (Evans Manis) Additionally McCloskey claims that theShow MoreRelatedApologetics Application Paper Part 2 Submission Form Jeremy Story861 Words   |  4 Pagesthe criterian for worldview evaluation. 2. Complete Outline of Final Paper: I. Introduction II. Summary of the Atheistic Naturalism Worldview A. Belief about ultimate reality is that everything that can be seen came from matter. 1. 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He confessed that he does believe in the gods but questioned their abilities, and admitted that he lives his life by the words of some sort of higher being, or spirits. He cross-examined Meletus, and concluded that Meletus was contradicting his own statement by accusing him of familiarizing people with new and strange religions and at the same time declared that he is an atheist. This statement of him also reassures that he is not an atheist as he said,Read MoreThe Case For Christ By Lee Strobel1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Award-winning journalist, Lee Strobel wrote The Case for Christ to retrace and expand his journey toward becoming a Christian. Strobel once declared atheist, and now Christian, shares how he began to look upon the Bible and God. As an atheist, Strobel lived the life of selfishness and only worried to please himself. When his wife began to go to church he wasn’t very pleased until after he saw the positive and attractive change in her. This is the start of his curiosity and investigationRead MoreSummary Therapists Integration Of Religion And Spirituality921 Words   |  4 PagesSummary-Therapists Integration of Religion Spirituality In this article, there were a 26 survey conducted with 5,579 therapists with the integration of religion and spirituality in counseling. In the study, most therapist consider spirituality through their lives, but does not infrequently participate in religious activities. In the study, it was founded that marriage therapists consider more spirituality during their counseling session than other therapists, and marriage therapists is more likelyRead MoreJustin Martyr Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesrumours made about Christians, chapters 4-13 consist of the charges against Christianity. Justin repudiates the charges of cannibalism and incest. Justin in the 1st apology also attacks the pagan charge of atheism; he also states that Christians are atheists when it comes to worshiping pagan Gods. But not with respect to the most true God Chapters 61-67 contain lots of information on baptism and Eucharist. Justin went into the detail of what happens at these meetings, this was to show people thatRead MoreThe Selfish Gene917 Words   |  4 Pages  -Strong Atheist      - â€Å"he conveys his opinion that evolution is correct without question† (Miletic). #3: Philosophical -Strongly believes in Science proving evolution †¢#2: Educational      -Education in biology      Doctorate in Philosophy, Master of Arts #4: Professional -Evolutionary biologist, affects writing Loading... Central Claims †¢Natural Selection  ¡People survive by natural selfishness, because their genes compete to survive. †¢Evolution  ¡Darwin’s Theory Book Summary †¢The SelfishRead MoreWhy John Locke is the Greatest Philosopher of all Time1413 Words   |  6 Pagesand fundamental problems raised by philosophy like realism, being, knowledge, ideals, reason, mind and language. Furthermore, some of his theories have been criticized other philosophers. Theories of religious tolerance Locke’s reasoning on religious tolerance was classic, from his reasoning three major essential arguments were formulated; one of the arguments is concern with the earthly judges, it states that; the states and human beings cannot dependably evaluate the truth claims of competing religiousRead MoreComm 101 Persuasive Speech Outline1453 Words   |  6 PagesIV. Thesis Statement In today’s world more and more people are choosing to live life without Christ and many people are even claiming to be atheist more now than ever before. Due to this, there is more pain and suffering in the world and sadly there is more death. V. Preview Statement I will validate this statement by discussing how lives are being destroyed and more and more people are facing a life filled with pain and suffering because they are not allowing God into their hearts. 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Intellectual Property Law Scenario - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3444 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Based on the assessment of the whole situation, the issue is related on copyright to the different works done by the group members and the task would involve solving the doubt on who has the copyright to the works as the group members are disbanding. Copyright is property right as defined by the legislative source for copyright law, the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and is a form of intellectual property to confirm individuals to possess the items that was inspired by their own creativeness. It helps give the individuals like writers exclusive control of their own work and also for monetary exchange when the work is used by others with permission, in the form of royalty. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Intellectual Property Law Scenario" essay for you Create order Once an individual has a copyright protection over something, they then have the control on whether they would allow to work to be copied, published or made an adaption for the public.[1] This legislation has been much amended and is the principal act to be referred to when dealing with copyright concerns. Another important element to be considered would be that of moral rights, as it protects the personal interests of an author of a copyrighted work. Copyright exists in three main type of works with the first being as original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works and then followed by the category of sound recordings, films or broadcasts and lastly, the typographical arrangement of published editions.[2] Which means, the three scenarios involved in the argument between Communart will definitely be within this categories and it will be best to first connect them to their relevant categories. Relying on the categories, the issue on the written manifesto will fall under the original literary works category, whereas, the tree that is the centrepiece of the Communart groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s festival will specifically be under the artistic works category. And finally, the matter involving the music of the group will no doubt be in the musical grouping and also with further focus on sound recordings. This category of work must be original and to determine so we must use the relevant originality test to decide if it is in fact an original creation. Originality here would not mean the ordinary dictionary meaning that seems common but as per Lord Peace, he suggests that the work is not copied and that it should originate from the author.[3] Basically the idea need not be fresh since it will not be covered by copyright but rather the expression of that particular idea constitutes the originality. Revisiting on the rule that copyright does not protect the idea but only the expression of the idea, it becomes important that the expression be in writing or in other form, like fixation methods. The expression of an idea will be covered by copyright. And from the result of Ladbroke (Football) milestone case, one will need to use the skill, labour and judgement test to demonstrate the originality. So in reality, the expression of idea must be from the author and also, there must be at least, some minimum form of appropriate skill, labour and judgment involved. With much criticisms on this test due to the ease at how one can obtain originality of the idea, we should also consider another form of originality test following the landmark decision in Infopaq[4] by the Court of Justice. From this case, it was held that the national courts of EU countries should resolve whether the work is from the authors expression of intellectual creation. It was apprehended that before looking at infringement and limitations, we should determine what the actual work is and if it had attracted copyright because generally, there will be no way one can infring e on something that was never protected in the first place. This resulted in presenting that one needs to obtain the reason to why a work is given copyright protection[5] and that for each category of the works, a certain original contribution is required. The older system did not offer a strong protection but with Infopaq, it had expanded the range of copyright when the standard was use to resolve the issue that certain headlines printed on a newspaper could be protected under copyright law[6] Following that, it is defined that the person who creates the work will be deemed the author of the work[7] but for some circumstances, it is not always clear the identity of the author. If someone cannot identify the identity of the author by reasonable inquiry[8] than the work is of unknown authorship.[9] The person who desires to have a certain contract with the author will bear the duty to achieve the reasonable inquiry and seek for the author to understand in depth of the origin of th e work, before he or she may use the said work. In Fisher v Brooker[10] the focus on author who has not claim authorship was viewed, and here it hinted that the author will always retain the opportunity to make that claim. In the case, such a claim was only made after 38 long years. Over the years, we have seen collaboration between two or more authors and this sort of joint authorship has its perks, since the creativity of more than one person will results in often a way more valuable masterpiece. Such as in an office environment, where team members are required to produces a joint report and may involve everyone having a different but yet significant task that would lead to the goal of having that ultimate finish work. Everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contribution will need to be identified and distinguished from one another and they will be preserved as the creator and author for their respective parts. In the case of Fisher, the facts discusses on the collaboration between two peo ple, who are both co-authors of the songs, since each had their part of the song that they had created. In a critical result from Hodgens v Beckingham[11], it was held that there is no such constitutional obligation that authors must show they intend to create a work of joint authorship. They merely need to collaborate and the contributions to the work created are not separate, so that together it forms a fully functional work. However, even with significant contribution to a certain process or stage of work, one may still fail to be a joint author. It involves the matter of understanding the process of creation of the work and also the type of contribution that has taken place, and that important factor is that it needs to be the life of the copyright rather than the formation of the subject matter of the copyright. As seen in the case of Fylde Microsystems Ltd v Key Radio Systems Ltd[12] where the outcome was that the defendant was not seen as a joint owner of the copyright subsis ting in the software because the contribution was not enough to amount to an act of authorship. Now we will move on to discuss each scenario in detail to determine which member has the respective works copyright, starting with the Communartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s manifesto, entitled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Manifesto of the Desperate: Finding the Good Life in a Ruthless Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The members involved in the project of the manifesto are Al, Bill, Cal and Dina. Seeing as their written manifesto is in the process of a possible publishing deal, they each would like to have claim of copyright over the manifesto. The manifesto will be a literary work due to the nature of it being recorded in writing[13] and the 15 core rules has been clearly written out for reading. This sort of work need not to have great quality but as long as it has been expressed in writing, copyright should be attained. Each member would argue that they have made momentous contribution to have copyright but that will need to be assessed separately for a better insight. Firstly, Al had suggested the idea and the title for the manifesto but as previously discussed, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unfortunate because the idea will not be copyrighted. And for the title suggested, providing copyright for such a trivial work would seem unreasonable and the courts will rely on the de minimis non curat lex[14] to ascertain that the work is not enough to gain copyright. This de minimis principle helps in distinguishing the relevant work that should be allowed and here, the title could not amount to original literary work. Moving on, it may be doubtful for Dina, who did the final editing to have a claim of copyright. She barely had a significant contribution plus her act of editing grammar and spelling errors would show the she may had put in some skill, judgement and labour but while copying another personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work and this would not be fitting to originality[15]. Dina will fail to have any aut horship in the manifesto, much like Al. This leaves us to unquestionably the two most influential members of the creation of the manifesto, Bill and Cal, who both wrote the 15 rules. The points of having a different number of rules written may be argued, however, proving which of them, as the author of the work, had a better contribution would be almost impossible because they both had made major involvements in the rules and either helped write some of it or made major changes to the written rules. Original work will easily be applicable here since both of them had put more than enough amount of skill, labour and judgement in creating the rules. Even using the own intellectual creation test will prove to be fruitful in this instance, as they can demonstrate their expression in rules without any doubts. It is likely to be a situation of joint copyright owners, where two or more authors have created a work and their contributions are not distinct.[16] From the case of Cala Homes ( South) Ltd v Alfred McAlpine Homes East Ltd[17], we can appreciate further that when two or more person had a significant contribution in such a work, then they will be deemed to be joint copyright owners. And here, again, it is safe to say that both are authors as we will not be able to reduce the importance of either ones contribution, as in the case of Robin Ray v Classic FM[18]. Thus with this arguments, we will see evidently that for the manifesto, Bill and Cal will be joint copyright owners and upon the publishing of the manifesto, their approval will be needed for any sort of reproduction with royalties agreement. As joint owners, their duration in copyright expires at the end of the period of 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author dies[19], as in when the last joint author dies[20]. The next issue is in regards to the large model of a magic tree will need to be reviewed as an artistic work due to it being acknowledged as a sculpture.[21] The theory of sculpture was defined in the case of Lucasfilm v Ainsworth[22] and that sculptures are artistic works designed for their viewing feature. Meaning that the sculpture is created to attract attention for the viewing, similar to that of statues in a museum or any exhibition area. The size and the design with the fruits make this a sculpture to appeal someone to view it as its main intention. Here the sculpture is also a three-dimensional work made by an artistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hand, and fits spot on with the description held in Metix (UK) Ltd V GH Maughan (Plastics) Ltd[23] and for this work, the originality stipulation is similar. Ed expressed the idea of the tree and drew up the plans and shows that it is not copied and had originated from him. Moreover, he had supervised and advised Fran during the building period, proving that he had been involved with the sufficient need for skill and labour too. Unfortunate for Fran, it will not be possible to have a joint ownership in an ar tistic work, so she would want to argue that she had worked three months on it tirelessly, and also had suggested the materials and colour schemes based on her own skill, labour and judgment. It may quickly seem that Fran should be the copyright owner for the tree. However, we added emphasis that it was Ed who had express his idea and Fran had generally worked under his supervision, which we will acknowledge as giving her instruction throughout the building process. Even when using the own intellectual creation test, it will be easier to prove that Ed has the rightful authorship in this artistic work and not Fran. Ed should also be informed that his copyright duration expires at the end of the period of 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which, he as the author dies. The final scenario with Gill looks at the copyright within musical works and his involvement by playing an acoustic guitar and adding a faster tune to Tudor English folk songs. Moreover, the main issue wil l be that off the selling of CDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of his music and who should benefit from that. First off, musical work consists of music, exclusive of any words or action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with the music. This will lead to a split of copyrights obtainable, one in the music and another for the words of a song, as in the lyrics, which would be the literary works. Till date there have always been musicians and lyricist and they both attain different copyright in their works, as long as it has been written. Music here excludes any actions and words, and focuses on the musical chords. Relatively, the quantity of the music does not matter, even if it was just a few short notes and chords, it will still be subject to copyright.[24] The idea is that the copyright of the arrangement of notes in a particular format that creates that tune, and often in the music world, there would be disputes over creative ideas. Such an example can be highlighted in the case of Wood v Boosey[25] where a musician makes an adaption of an existing music, he would own the copyright of the adaption but this would mean he may be liable to copyright infringement from the original source, if he had done so without permission[26]. Recreating an old song with an added contemporary touch may be able to get copyright protection and the case of Hyperion Records Ltd v Dr Lionel Sawkins[27] discusses in depth of the issue. Comparable to what Gill had done, the case involves Sawkins writing new edition to musical compositions by Lalande with some major changes, and mostly based to his contentment. Hyperionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s argument was rejected that Sawkins had not written any new work. It was explained that to deny Sawkins copyright protection for the changes made would be wrong, as he had to include his own elements into the music, such as tempo and performing indicators, hence changing the whole outcome of it. Without his interpretation of the old music, there would no t be a performing edition. Gill too would like to argue based on the facts of the Hyperion case that he had made a different type of performing edition of the Tudor English folk songs and that he had to wisely match it to be suitable for the acoustic guitar. The new rendition made will be suffice to showcase his labour and skill that went into the creation of that original musical work, and it will only be logic for him to claim for the copyright of the music. The inclusion of moral rights can be brought up, where the paternity right will aid in confirming Gill to the copyright of the musical work. This right to be acknowledged as the author must be stressed by the author for it to be operational. Gill may use the support of this right to be identified as the author of the musical works[28] However, there is no clarity in the act whether the author can make this right apply to things done prior to the declaration. And with reference to the Hyperion case, where the use of copyrigh t notice with the authors name was to be use, could apply similarly to Gill, who would want his name to appear with a copyright notice on the musical works he had recreated. And furthermore, we now look at the copyright for sound recordings as that will determine the copyright for the CDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sold. It focuses on the recording of the sound and the ability to then reproduce it on a particular medium and method the sounds is produced or reproduced.[29] This would mean that the copyright will exist in the creation of the master copy of that sound recording, and it would be from here copies of additional CDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s for sale are created. In this situation with Gill, clearly he would have the master copy of the sound recordings, which would give him the right as the copyright owner for the music in the CD. With no one else part of the musical works, Gill will rightfully gain copyright protection for the musical works. The durations of his copyright will be for t wo different areas, one for the musical works and the other for the sound recordings. For the musical works, again, his copyright duration expires at the end of the period of 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which, he as the author dies. Whilst for the sound recording, since it is published ever since the group started selling the CDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, it would mean he has 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it is first published.[30] In conclusion, following a comprehensive analysis of the copyright laws and relating them with the scenarios of the Communart members, it seems apparent that copyright plays an important role in our day-to-day life and that we should be protected for the work that we have put a good effort in and be credited for that work be it literary, musical, dramatic or even artistic. To summarise the copyright owners of Communart will be Bill and Cal who are joint authors for their collaboration in the manifesto, Ed as the owner o f the large model of magic tree sculpture and finally, Gil would be the sole owner for the musical works and also the CDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, as part of the sound recordings. If any other ex-members would want to utilise either items then they would need to obtain permission from the rightful owners, or else they would risk infringing copyright. [3102 words] BIBLIOGRAPHY CASES Biotrading Financing v Biohit Ltd [1998] FSR 109 Cala Homes (South) Ltd v Alfred McAlpine Homes East Ltd [1995] FSR 818 Exxon Corporation v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 2411 Fisher v Brooker [2009] FSR 25 (HL) Fylde Microsystems Ltd v Key Radio Systems Ltd [1998] FSR 449 Hodgens v Beckingham [2003] EMLR 18 Hyperion Records Ltd v Dr Lionel Sawkins [2005] RPC 32 Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening [2009] ECDR 16 Ladbroke (Football) Ltd v William Hill (Football) Ltd [1964] 1 WLR 273 Lawson v Dundas, The Times Lucasfilm v Ainsworth [2012] 1 AC 208 Metix (UK) Ltd V GH Maughan (Plastics) Ltd [1997] FSR 718 Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks Spencer plc [2001] 3 WLR 290 Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Meltwater Holding BV [2011] EWCA Civ 890, [2012] RPC 1 Robin Ray v Classic FM [1998] FSR 622 Wood v Boosey [1868] LR 3 QB 223 LEGISLATION Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s1(1), s3(2), s4(1)(a), s5A(1), s9(1), s9(4), s9(5), s10, s12(2), s12(8), s12(9), s16(1), s21, s77(1) BOOKS Bainbridge D, Intellectual Property (9th edition, Pearson 2012) Torremans P, Holyoak Torremans Intellectual Property Law (7th edition, OUP 2013) Aplin T Davis J, Intellectual Property Law Text, Cases and Materials (2nd edition, OUP 2013) [1] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.16(1) [2] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.1(1) [3] Ladbroke (Football) Ltd v William Hill (Football) Ltd [1964] 1 WLR 273 at 291 [4] Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening [2009] ECDR 16 [5] Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks Spencer plc [2001] 3 WLR 290 [6] Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Meltwater Holding BV [2011] EWCA Civ 890, [2012] RPC 1. [7] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.9(1) [8] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.9(4) [9] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.9(5) [10] [2009] FSR 25 (HL). [11] [2003] EMLR 18. [12] [1998] FSR 449 [13] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.3(2) [14] Exxon Corporation v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 2411 [15] Biotrading Financing v Biohit Ltd [1998] FSR 109 at 116 [16] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.10 [17] [1995] FSR 818. [18] [1998] FSR 622 [19] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.12(2) [20] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.12(8)(a) [21] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.4(1)(a) [22] [2012] 1 AC 208. [23] [1997] FSR 718 [24] Lawson v Dundas, The Times, 13 June 1985 [25] [1868) LR 3 QB 223. [26] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.21 [27] [2005] RPC 32 [28] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.77(1) [29] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.5A(1) [30] Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, s.13A(2)(b)

Nanotechnology In Agriculture Essay - 910 Words

Soil-borne disease, climate change, and pests constantly plague farmland, and new trends related to each of these threats have been challenging farmers in new ways and confounding researchers. As such, there is a renewed effort as of late to invest more time and money into research regarding prospective, nanotechnological solutions to many of these accumulating, agricultural plights. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES), for example, has made headlines at least three times this year for relatively groundbreaking lines of research. Additionally, agribusiness experts have quite recently proclaimed nanotechnology the biotechnological savior of farming. Wade Elmer, chief scientist for CAES’s Department of Plant Pathology†¦show more content†¦Their aim has been to do this without using any substances that could even potentially harm the plant or its neighbors; that means no genetic modification or chemicals. Interestingly, this is hardly a line of reasoni ng unique to CAES; rather, it seems characteristic of a broader, ostensibly global movement. A national conference was held at the beginning of the month for experts on the subject of Emerging Trends in Agri Nanotechnology 2017. Several organizations were responsible for the event, including the Society for Agri Nanotechnology, an arm of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), and Universiti of Malaysia, Kelantan. General of Education Narenda Singh Rathore, deputy director of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), was also instrumental in presenting the conference and said nanotechnology would supplement the Indian government’s onerous objective of incentivizing farming as a career avenue for more people by doubling farmers’ income. Rathore went further to say India would have to see grain production grow from 276 million tons to 320 million tons by 2022. â€Å"Similarly, milk yield will have to grow from 160 mt to 210 mt. From the present 30 0 mt, which is the second highest in the world, India’s production of horticultural crops will have to grow to 375 mt. It is where nanotechnology comes into the picture,† said Rathore. Rathore emphasized the significance of using nano-pesticides and nano-fertilizers as well. Somewhat inShow MoreRelatedTechnology s Impact On Society1507 Words   |  7 Pagesalia Monsanto ENC1101-Swirsky Argumentative/Persuasive Essay Technology’s Impact on Society 21ST century technology has indubitably made life more convenient for us. This can be looked at in a positive or in a negative way. Technology has essentially taken over the world. Replacing almost everything in our homes, schools and communities. 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Is The Social Problem The Researchers Are Investigating

Corey Bates Argosy University Sociology in A Global Perspective M1A3 10/15/2014 What is the social problem the researchers are investigating? What is the research method (i.e.: survey, participant observation, experiment, secondary sources) used by the researchers? What were the results or findings of the research? What do you think would be a good solution to the social problem? Whitebeck, L. B., McMorris, B. J., Chen, X., Stubben, J. D. (2001). Perceived discrimination and early substance abuse among american indian children. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(4), 405-24. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/201656961?accountid=34899 1: The main point of this article is based on trying to find out that 195 American Indians from 5th grade onto 8th grade and how they deal with certain issues on their Midwestern Reservation. 2: The exploration group was welcome to take a shot at the three reservations, and tribal resolutions were acquired before application for financing. Admonitory sheets on every reservation gave oversight and affirmed all polls and methods. Last regards from tribal governments were gotten before meetings started. Composed reports, for example, this one were perused and sanction by consultative sheets preceding being submitted for production. Among the assertions made with the interest tribes was the state of tribal secrecy. 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Creative Deviance †Bucking the Hierarchy free essay sample

Case 3: Creative Deviance – Bucking the Hierarchy? One of the major functions of an organizational hierarchy is to increase standardization and control for top managers. Using the chain of command, managers can direct the activities of subordinates toward a common purpose. If the right person with creative vision is in charge of a hierarchy, the results can be phenomenal. Until Steve Jobs’ regrettable passing in October of 2011, Apple had used a strongly top-down creative process in which most major decisions and innovations flowed directly thru Jobs and then were delegated to sub-teams as specific assignments to complete. Then there is creative deviance, in which individuals create extremely successful products despite being told by senior management to stop working on them. The electrostatic displays used in more than half of Hewlett-Packard’s instruments, the tape slitter that was one of the most important process innovations in 3M’s history, and Nichia’s development of multi-billion-dollar LED bright lighting technology were all officially rejected by the management hierarchy. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative Deviance – Bucking the Hierarchy? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In all these cases, an approach like Apple’s would have shut down some of the most successful products these companies ever produced. Doing â€Å"business as usual† can become such an imperative in a hierarchical organization that new ideas are seen as threats rather than opportunities for development. It’s not immediately apparent why top-down decision making works so well for one highly creative company like Apple, while hierarchy nearly ruined innovations at several other organizations. It may be that Apple’s structure is actually quite simple, with relatively few layers and a great deal of responsibility placed on each individual for his or her own outcomes. Or it may be that Apple simply had a very unique leader who was able to rise above the conventional strictures of a CEO to create a culture of constant innovation. Questions 1. Do you think it’s possible for an organization to deliberately create an ‘anti-hierarchy† to encourage employees to engage in more acts of creative deviance? What steps might a company take to encourage creative deviance? 2. What are the dangers of an approach that encourages creative deviance? 3. Why do you think a company like Apple is able to be creative with a strongly hierarchical structure, whereas other companies find hierarchy limiting? 4. Do you think Apple’s success has been entirely dependent upon Steve Jobs’ role as head of the hierarchy? What are the potential liabilities of a company that is strongly connected to the decision-making of a single individual?

How Is Tension Created free essay sample

‘Romeo and Juliet’ is the story of two star-crossed lovers who take their life. Their families, Capulet and Montague, are at a great, ancient feud; however Romeo and Juliet fall passionately in love ignoring the fact that they are, by household, enemies. The play was written in 1595, for an Elizabethan audience, and was performed at the Globe Theatre. Romeo and Juliet is set in Verona, Italy; Italy being a common setting for plays around the time for the great interest in Italian culture and an art movement known as the Renaissance. A strong factor of the play is fate and whether or not it causes an impact on the character’s lives. Many critics were confused as to what the moral of the play was, and debated on whether Shakespeare was putting a point across about how injudicious behaviour can result in your downfall; or whether fate will choose the path to lead despite whatever you may do to stop it. This is left to the audience to interpret for themselves. During the previous act: Act 2 Scene 6, Romeo and Juliet are married in secret by Friar Lawrence. The atmosphere in the scenes are juxtaposed, as Act 3 Scene 1 is extremely tense and ultimately becomes the matter of the play; initially a comedy, transformed in to a tragedy. The moods in each of the scenes contrast completely; one of love and unanimity and the other of death and anguish; these two scenes deliberately conflict love and hate, the main themes of the play. Act 3 Scene 1 begins in a â€Å"public place† of Verona – it was against the law to fight in public at that time so the fact that it is illegal makes the audience feel nervous. The atmosphere from the off is very tense, and the unravelling events foreshadow what will beget the remainder of the scene. Benvolio is worried that Mercutio will meet the Capulets and a vicious fight will break out. â€Å"For now these hot days, is the mad blood stirring. † This line would disconcert the audience and make them uneasy as many Elizabethans were superstitious in that they believed the weather could affect their moods; on hot days, the sun was said to worsen a person’s temper. ‘Hot days’ and ‘mad blood’ are unsettling phrases that will have an unnerving affect on the audience right from the start. However, the atmosphere is reassured after Benvolio’s opening speech, as Mercutio makes light of Benvolio’s fears. The opening of the scene echoes the beginning of the play, where the servants of the Montagues are having fun and talking, just before the Capulets arrive; this would make an audience tense as they recollect that Act 1 Scene 1 ended in a brawl. Another way that makes audience feels tense is the fact that Mercutio is being his usual bawdy self. â€Å"†¦thou art as hot a Jack in thy mood as any in Italy, and as soon moved to be moody, and as soon moody be moved. Mercutio is speaking in blank verse; this is important because Mercutio is a very comical character and doesn’t respect anyone, including Tybalt who is about to enter. When Tybalt does finally arrive, Mercutio is deliberately antagonistic, â€Å"And but one word with one of us? Couple it with something; make it a word and a blow. † Here, Mercutio is fundamentally asking Tybalt to p hysically fight him, so the audience expect this. Tybalt will be willing to fight as the Montague boys turned up uninvited to a Capulet ball. Another thing that would make the audience even more anxious is the fact that â€Å"fiery† Tybalt is known for his rage. Mercutio uses language against Tybalt by punning on the word â€Å"consort’st† implying that Tybalt is saying they are musicians. He then carries on the metaphor by referring to his sword as a â€Å"fiddlestick† and getting ready to fight. By Mercutio drawing his sword, the audience would feel trepidation as it is getting closer to the actual fight. Benvolio’s reaction is panicky as he knows that a brawl in public is illegal. â€Å"Either withdraw unto some private place, / And reason coldly of your grievances or else depart; here all eyes gaze on us. † As usual, Benvolio is speaking in blank-verse as what he is saying is important. The fact that Romeo appears on stage would make the audience feel uneasy as he is the catalyst that causes Tybalt’s anger. The pace is very fast: â€Å"Romeo, the hate I bear thee can afford / No better term than this, thou art a villain. † Tybalt is quick to insult Romeo; â€Å"villain† is a huge insult to someone of aristocratic status. Romeo further insights Tybalt’s anger by declaring his â€Å"love† for Juliet – Tybalt’s cousin. This is dramatic irony as the audience know why Romeo has said this as he has married into the Capulet family, however Tybalt does not know this. Mercutio who has been watching, jumps to Romeo’s defence declaring his intention to fight, â€Å"O calm, dishonourable, vile submission! / Alla stoccata carries it away. † The fact he is speaking in blank-verse for the first time tells the audience how serious his intentions are. Mercutio has been hurt and through his rage, curses both Capulet and Montague households, â€Å"A plague o’both your houses! I am sped. / is he gone, and hath nothing? † by mentioning the plague in Elizabethan times, this would be contentious as the Elizabethans suffered from the Black Plague. Images of poison are frequent throughout the play, for example â€Å"cankered hate† spreading the feeling of hatred. The audience is left in suspense due to Mercutio’s departure as they are left to wonder whether he will survive. This is a very significant episode of the play as it changes the theme from a comedy to a tragedy. Mercutio’s death sparks a change in Romeo, â€Å"O sweet Juliet, / Thy beauty hath made me effeminate. † Considering how loving Romeo has been before, this is a significant change to his attitude. â€Å"And fire eyed fury be my conduct now! † the plosives in this sentence show his anger; he has chosen the feud over love.